SQL: The Advanced LIKE Clauses
As I promised, this is my post on advanced LIKE clauses. I've only shown you how to do a wildcard search that would act like the dos command "dir A*.*", returning all the files that start with the letter A. But there is far more you can do with the LIKE operator.
Wildcards themselves are actually characters that have special meanings within SQL. Wildcard searching can be used only with VARCHAR fields; you can't use wildcards to search fields of non-text datatypes. Full TEXT fields support an additional library of methods for searching for matches inside those fields, so let's leave that for next time. For now, everything will work in a VARCHAR or NVARCHAR field.
The Percent Sign %Wildcard
The most frequently used wildcard is the percent sign %.
This is the wildcard I first introduced you to in my previous post.
% means match any number of occurrences of any character.
Wildcards can be used anywhere within the search pattern, and multiple
wildcards can be used as well. The following example uses two
wildcards, one at either end of the pattern:
SELECT
productName
FROM Products
WHERE
productName LIKE '%en%'
productName
-----------
pencil
pen
The Underscore _ Wildcard
Another useful wildcard is the underscore _. The underscore
is used just like %, but instead of matching multiple
characters, the underscore matches just a single character.
SELECT
productName
FROM Products
WHERE
productName LIKE '_en'
productName
-----------
pen
The Brackets []Wildcard
The brackets [] wildcard is used to specify a set of characters, any one of which must match a character in the specified position. This is where you can really get into some powerful comparisons. But for this example, we're just going to use it to show those products that begin with p, have a character between b and f for the second letter, and then have anything after that...like I said, easy.
SELECT
productName
FROM Products
WHERE
productName LIKE 'p[b-f]%'
productName
-----------
pencil
pen
Negating a Range
If you add ^ to a range, it checks for all characters NOT in that
range. If we add it to our last example, the results change
dramatically.
SELECT
productName
FROM Products
WHERE
productName LIKE 'p[^b-f]%'
productName
-----------
paper
Conclusion
I'm not telling you to use wildcards all the time, but they have their uses. Be careful where you place them, you could dramatically get different results. Remember to test your code with several scenarios or against several data sets before releasing your code into production. If you keep this in mind, this technique can become a powerful tool in your SQL tool belt.